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Labour · World Bank region

Labour in Europe & Central Asia: how the countries rank

Who works and who is looking for work, by ILO modelled estimates. 13 indicators for the 58 economies of Europe & Central Asia, ranked within the group; the group figure is the World Bank aggregate.

Labour force429mEurope & Central Asia, 2025 · world 3.7bnParticipation rate58.2%Europe & Central Asia, 2025 · world 61.0%Women's participation51.1%Europe & Central Asia, 2025 · world 48.9%Employment rate55.1%Europe & Central Asia, 2025 · world 58.1%Unemployment5.4%Europe & Central Asia, 2025 · world 4.8%Female unemployment5.7%Europe & Central Asia, 2025 · world 4.9%Youth unemployment14.0%Europe & Central Asia, 2025 · world 13.4%Youth NEET rate11.4%Europe & Central Asia, 2025
Labour force
Europe & Central AsiaWorldEast Asia & PacificLatin America & CaribbeanMiddle East & North Africa
01.0bn2.0bn3.0bn4.0bn1995200020052010201520202025Europe & Central Asia429mWorldEast Asia & PacificLatin America & CaribbeanMiddle East & North Africa
Participation rate
Europe & Central AsiaWorldEast Asia & PacificLatin America & CaribbeanMiddle East & North Africa
40%50%60%70%80%1995200020052010201520202025Europe & Central Asia58.2%WorldEast Asia & PacificLatin America & CaribbeanMiddle East & North Africa
countries

All 58 economies, labour

Latest value and rank within the group (small figure). Click a column to sort; the country name opens its labour profile.

50 shown
CountryLabour forceParticipation rateWomen's participationEmployment rateUnemploymentFemale unemploymentYouth unemploymentYouth NEET rate
Russia72.8m#1 · 202561.1%#19 · 202554.5%#25 · 202559.8%#12 · 20252.1%#48 · 20252.2%#48 · 20257.6%#46 · 20256.7%#40 · 2025
Germany43.5m#2 · 202560.6%#21 · 202555.3%#20 · 202558.3%#18 · 20253.7%#40 · 20253.4%#40 · 20256.9%#47 · 20258.2%#32 · 2025
Türkiye36.9m#3 · 202554.4%#40 · 202537.1%#48 · 202549.7%#40 · 20258.5%#12 · 202511.6%#5 · 202516.0%#22 · 202523.3%#4 · 2025
United Kingdom35.4m#4 · 202561.4%#18 · 202557.3%#16 · 202558.5%#17 · 20254.7%#33 · 20254.4%#34 · 202514.6%#23 · 202514.4%#13 · 2025
France31.9m#5 · 202555.3%#38 · 202551.5%#32 · 202551.2%#37 · 20257.5%#14 · 20257.5%#14 · 202518.9%#18 · 202511.0%#19 · 2025
Italy25.7m#6 · 202549.3%#46 · 202540.8%#45 · 202546.2%#45 · 20256.4%#19 · 20257.3%#16 · 202520.5%#14 · 20259.9%#23 · 2025
Spain24.8m#7 · 202557.4%#34 · 202552.8%#28 · 202551.5%#36 · 202510.4%#7 · 202511.9%#4 · 202524.7%#6 · 20259.4%#26 · 2025
Ukraine20.5m#8 · 202154.6%#39 · 202147.7%#38 · 202149.3%#42 · 20219.8%#8 · 202110.2%#10 · 202119.1%#17 · 202116.5%#10 · 2017
Poland18.2m#9 · 202558.3%#29 · 202551.6%#31 · 202556.6%#24 · 20253.0%#46 · 20253.1%#45 · 202510.7%#35 · 202510.1%#22 · 2025
Uzbekistan14.6m#10 · 202557.5%#33 · 202541.2%#44 · 202554.8%#30 · 20254.6%#36 · 20256.6%#17 · 202511.4%#33 · 2025—
Netherlands10.3m#11 · 202567.2%#4 · 202562.7%#3 · 202564.6%#3 · 20253.9%#39 · 20254.1%#37 · 20258.8%#43 · 20253.9%#46 · 2025
Kazakhstan10.0m#12 · 202567.8%#3 · 202562.6%#4 · 202564.5%#4 · 20254.8%#32 · 20255.5%#28 · 20253.8%#49 · 20259.5%#25 · 2016
Romania8.2m#13 · 202551.3%#45 · 202541.8%#43 · 202548.3%#43 · 20256.0%#23 · 20255.6%#26 · 202524.5%#7 · 202516.5%#9 · 2025
Sweden5.7m#14 · 202564.6%#11 · 202561.5%#7 · 202559.0%#14 · 20258.7%#10 · 20258.6%#12 · 202524.3%#9 · 20255.0%#43 · 2025
Czechia5.6m#15 · 202560.3%#24 · 202553.5%#27 · 202558.6%#16 · 20252.8%#47 · 20253.3%#43 · 20259.2%#40 · 20254.9%#44 · 2025
Portugal5.5m#16 · 202558.2%#30 · 202554.6%#24 · 202554.6%#31 · 20256.2%#22 · 20256.5%#18 · 202520.2%#15 · 20256.9%#38 · 2025
Belgium5.5m#17 · 202554.3%#41 · 202549.8%#36 · 202551.1%#38 · 20255.9%#24 · 20255.6%#25 · 202517.8%#20 · 20257.4%#36 · 2025
Switzerland5.2m#18 · 202566.7%#6 · 202562.2%#5 · 202563.5%#6 · 20254.9%#31 · 20255.0%#32 · 20259.0%#42 · 20257.0%#37 · 2025
Azerbaijan5.1m#19 · 202563.3%#14 · 202560.8%#11 · 202559.8%#11 · 20255.5%#27 · 20256.3%#22 · 202513.1%#29 · 2025—
Hungary4.9m#20 · 202560.6%#20 · 202554.3%#26 · 202557.8%#19 · 20254.5%#37 · 20254.4%#35 · 202514.2%#25 · 20259.5%#24 · 2025
Belarus4.8m#21 · 202562.7%#16 · 202556.8%#17 · 202560.6%#10 · 20253.4%#44 · 20252.7%#46 · 20259.2%#41 · 202565.7%#1 · 2024
Austria4.8m#22 · 202560.1%#25 · 202555.1%#23 · 202556.8%#23 · 20255.6%#25 · 20255.2%#30 · 202511.0%#34 · 202513.4%#15 · 2025
Greece4.7m#23 · 202552.0%#43 · 202544.7%#40 · 202547.5%#44 · 20258.5%#11 · 202511.3%#6 · 202521.4%#12 · 202510.4%#21 · 2025
Serbia3.3m#24 · 202559.1%#28 · 202552.6%#29 · 202554.9%#29 · 20257.1%#15 · 20257.5%#15 · 202520.9%#13 · 202512.7%#16 · 2025
Denmark3.3m#25 · 202564.9%#9 · 202560.8%#10 · 202561.3%#9 · 20255.5%#26 · 20255.7%#24 · 202511.7%#32 · 20257.9%#34 · 2025
Norway3.1m#26 · 202565.6%#7 · 202562.1%#6 · 202562.6%#7 · 20254.6%#34 · 20254.3%#36 · 202513.4%#28 · 20256.2%#42 · 2025
Bulgaria3.1m#27 · 202556.1%#37 · 202550.4%#35 · 202554.1%#32 · 20253.5%#42 · 20253.3%#44 · 202510.2%#37 · 202511.5%#18 · 2025
Ireland2.9m#28 · 202564.8%#10 · 202559.8%#12 · 202561.8%#8 · 20254.6%#35 · 20254.5%#33 · 202510.5%#36 · 20256.4%#41 · 2025
Finland2.9m#29 · 202559.7%#26 · 202556.5%#19 · 202554.0%#33 · 20259.5%#9 · 20258.9%#11 · 202521.5%#10 · 20259.1%#28 · 2025
Kyrgyzstan2.9m#30 · 202557.4%#35 · 202544.1%#41 · 202555.3%#28 · 20253.5%#43 · 20254.0%#38 · 20258.2%#45 · 202519.3%#8 · 2023
Slovakia2.8m#31 · 202560.4%#23 · 202555.1%#22 · 202557.2%#22 · 20255.4%#28 · 20255.8%#23 · 202518.4%#19 · 20258.0%#33 · 2025
Tajikistan2.6m#32 · 202538.3%#49 · 202521.9%#49 · 202535.6%#49 · 20256.9%#16 · 20254.0%#39 · 202514.6%#24 · 202541.3%#2 · 2016
Turkmenistan2.2m#33 · 202542.0%#48 · 202538.2%#47 · 202540.2%#48 · 20254.3%#38 · 20252.5%#47 · 202510.0%#38 · 2025—
Georgia2.0m#34 · 202564.3%#12 · 202556.7%#18 · 202556.5%#26 · 202512.1%#4 · 202510.7%#9 · 202530.3%#1 · 202515.3%#11 · 2025
Croatia1.7m#35 · 202552.1%#42 · 202547.4%#39 · 202549.5%#41 · 20255.0%#29 · 20255.1%#31 · 202516.5%#21 · 20259.0%#31 · 2025
Lithuania1.6m#36 · 202562.9%#15 · 202557.7%#14 · 202558.7%#15 · 20256.7%#17 · 20256.3%#21 · 202513.8%#27 · 202512.5%#17 · 2025
Armenia1.5m#37 · 202559.4%#27 · 202551.1%#34 · 202551.7%#35 · 202512.9%#2 · 202513.8%#2 · 202526.2%#4 · 202520.2%#6 · 2023
Moldova1.4m#38 · 202572.3%#2 · 202572.3%#1 · 202571.2%#2 · 20251.5%#49 · 20251.2%#49 · 20254.2%#48 · 20259.1%#30 · 2025
Bosnia and Herzegovina1.3m#39 · 202549.0%#47 · 202539.2%#46 · 202543.6%#47 · 202511.0%#5 · 202513.3%#3 · 202528.2%#3 · 202514.5%#12 · 2025
Albania1.3m#40 · 202564.3%#13 · 202558.6%#13 · 202557.2%#21 · 202510.9%#6 · 202511.2%#7 · 202525.6%#5 · 202521.0%#5 · 2024
Slovenia1.0m#41 · 202557.6%#32 · 202552.3%#30 · 202555.7%#27 · 20253.2%#45 · 20253.4%#41 · 20259.5%#39 · 20256.8%#39 · 2025
Latvia948,428#42 · 202560.5%#22 · 202555.2%#21 · 202556.5%#25 · 20256.6%#18 · 20255.5%#27 · 202512.9%#30 · 20259.1%#29 · 2025
North Macedonia789,369#43 · 202551.9%#44 · 202542.7%#42 · 202545.6%#46 · 202512.3%#3 · 202511.1%#8 · 202528.8%#2 · 202519.5%#7 · 2025
Cyprus770,268#44 · 202567.0%#5 · 202561.2%#8 · 202563.7%#5 · 20254.9%#30 · 20255.5%#29 · 202512.7%#31 · 20259.4%#27 · 2025
Estonia754,206#45 · 202565.1%#8 · 202561.0%#9 · 202559.7%#13 · 20258.3%#13 · 20258.0%#13 · 202519.7%#16 · 202510.9%#20 · 2025
Luxembourg355,974#46 · 202561.5%#17 · 202557.5%#15 · 202557.6%#20 · 20256.3%#20 · 20256.5%#19 · 202521.5%#11 · 20257.7%#35 · 2025
Montenegro296,618#47 · 202558.0%#31 · 202551.2%#33 · 202550.1%#39 · 202513.6%#1 · 202514.2%#1 · 202524.4%#8 · 202514.2%#14 · 2024
Iceland242,507#48 · 202574.9%#1 · 202570.0%#2 · 202572.2%#1 · 20253.6%#41 · 20253.4%#42 · 20258.7%#44 · 20254.0%#45 · 2025
Channel Islands81,617#49 · 202556.4%#36 · 202549.2%#37 · 202552.9%#34 · 20256.2%#21 · 20256.5%#20 · 202514.1%#26 · 2025—
Kosovo———————30.0%#3 · 2024
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators (CC BY 4.0)Ranks count group members with a value in the recent window.
within the group

Highest and lowest, indicator by indicator

Labour force49 countries
  1. 1Russia72.8m2025
  2. 2Germany43.5m2025
  3. 3Türkiye36.9m2025
Lowest
  1. 49Channel Islands81,6172025
  2. 48Iceland242,5072025
  3. 47Montenegro296,6182025
Median country 3.3m · group 429m
Participation rate49 countries
  1. 1Iceland74.9%2025
  2. 2Moldova72.3%2025
  3. 3Kazakhstan67.8%2025
Lowest
  1. 49Tajikistan38.3%2025
  2. 48Turkmenistan42.0%2025
  3. 47Bosnia and Herzegovina49.0%2025
Median country 60.1% · group 58.2%
Women's participation49 countries
  1. 1Moldova72.3%2025
  2. 2Iceland70.0%2025
  3. 3Netherlands62.7%2025
Lowest
  1. 49Tajikistan21.9%2025
  2. 48Türkiye37.1%2025
  3. 47Turkmenistan38.2%2025
Median country 54.5% · group 51.1%
Employment rate49 countries
  1. 1Iceland72.2%2025
  2. 2Moldova71.2%2025
  3. 3Netherlands64.6%2025
Lowest
  1. 49Tajikistan35.6%2025
  2. 48Turkmenistan40.2%2025
  3. 47Bosnia and Herzegovina43.6%2025
Median country 56.5% · group 55.1%
Unemployment49 countries
  1. 1Montenegro13.6%2025
  2. 2Armenia12.9%2025
  3. 3North Macedonia12.3%2025
Lowest
  1. 49Moldova1.5%2025
  2. 48Russia2.1%2025
  3. 47Czechia2.8%2025
Median country 5.6% · group 5.4%
Female unemployment49 countries
  1. 1Montenegro14.2%2025
  2. 2Armenia13.8%2025
  3. 3Bosnia and Herzegovina13.3%2025
Lowest
  1. 49Moldova1.2%2025
  2. 48Russia2.2%2025
  3. 47Turkmenistan2.5%2025
Median country 5.6% · group 5.7%
Youth unemployment49 countries
  1. 1Georgia30.3%2025
  2. 2North Macedonia28.8%2025
  3. 3Bosnia and Herzegovina28.2%2025
Lowest
  1. 49Kazakhstan3.8%2025
  2. 48Moldova4.2%2025
  3. 47Germany6.9%2025
Median country 14.2% · group 14.0%
Youth NEET rate46 countries
  1. 1Belarus65.7%2024
  2. 2Tajikistan41.3%2016
  3. 3Kosovo30.0%2024
Lowest
  1. 46Netherlands3.9%2025
  2. 45Iceland4.0%2025
  3. 44Czechia4.9%2025
Median country 9.7% · group 11.4%
Wage workers49 countries
  1. 1Norway95.1%2025
  2. 2Russia93.7%2025
  3. 3Belarus93.2%2025
Lowest
  1. 49Azerbaijan33.0%2025
  2. 48Moldova41.2%2025
  3. 47Albania49.7%2025
Median country 85.5% · group 83.3%
Vulnerable employment49 countries
  1. 1Moldova58.6%2025
  2. 2Azerbaijan53.8%2025
  3. 3Albania46.0%2025
Lowest
  1. 49Norway4.2%2025
  2. 48Channel Islands4.2%2025
  3. 47Germany4.3%2025
Median country 11.0% · group 12.9%
Jobs in agriculture49 countries
  1. 1Moldova50.5%2025
  2. 2Tajikistan43.3%2025
  3. 3Azerbaijan34.2%2025
Lowest
  1. 49United Kingdom0.9%2025
  2. 48Luxembourg0.9%2025
  3. 47Belgium1.0%2025
Median country 4.2% · group 6.7%
Jobs in industry49 countries
  1. 1Czechia34.9%2025
  2. 2Slovakia34.5%2025
  3. 3Romania32.6%2025
Lowest
  1. 49Luxembourg7.6%2025
  2. 48Moldova12.6%2025
  3. 47Channel Islands12.6%2025
Median country 22.0% · group 23.7%
Jobs in services49 countries
  1. 1Luxembourg91.5%2025
  2. 2Channel Islands85.3%2025
  3. 3Netherlands84.5%2025
Lowest
  1. 49Moldova36.9%2025
  2. 48Tajikistan39.1%2025
  3. 47Albania47.2%2025
Median country 69.3% · group 69.7%
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